RADIOLOGY ESSENCE

The  biparietal diameter (BPD) is a measurement commonly used during ultrasound examinations to estimate the age of the fetus. The BPD is the distance between the two parietal bones of the fetal skull and is typically measured in millimeters. Here is a general guide to the size of BPD and age estimation in USG from 12th week to the end of the pregnancy: 12 weeks: The average BPD is around 16mm, and the estimated age of the fetus is around 12 weeks. 13 weeks: The average BPD is around 21mm, and the estimated age of the fetus is around 13 weeks. 14 weeks: The average BPD is around 27mm, and the estimated age of the fetus is around 14 weeks. 15 weeks: The average BPD is around 33mm, and the estimated age of the fetus is around 15 weeks. 16 weeks: The average BPD is around 39mm, and the estimated age of the fetus is around 16 weeks. 20 weeks: The average BPD is around 58mm, and the estimated age of the fetus is around 20 weeks. 24 weeks: The average BPD is around 68mm, and the

Adnexal masses refer to any abnormal growth or swelling that arises from the adnexal structures of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and supporting tissues. These masses can be benign or malignant and can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, bloating, and irregular bleeding. √Ultrasound is an important diagnostic tool for identifying adnexal masses, as it can help distinguish between different types of masses and provide valuable information for planning treatment. Here are some key points to keep in mind regarding the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of adnexal masses: √ Ultrasound can detect the presence of an adnexal mass and help determine its size, shape, and location. Transvaginal ultrasound is typically the preferred method for evaluating adnexal masses, as it provides a more detailed image of the pelvic organs. √ Ultrasound can help distinguish between different types of adnexal masses, including ovarian cysts, benign

international commission on Radiation units and measurements ( ICRU). 1982      Picture archiving and communication system ( PACS) become available. 1983     The first grain film emulsion is developed. 1984      Laser stimulable phosphor for computed radiography appear. 1988      A superconducting quantum interference device for magneto encephalography ( MEG) is first used. 1989      The SI adopted by the NCRP and most scientific and medical societies. 1990      The Xeromammography system is produced. 1990      Helical CT is introduced. 1991     Twin slice CT is developed. 1992     The mammography quality standard Acts ( MQSA) is passed. 1996      Digital radiography that uses thin film transistor ( TFT) is developed. 1997     Charge coupled device ( CCD) digital radiography is introduced. 1997      Amorphous selenium flat panel image receptor is demonstrated by Rowlands. 1998    Multislice CT is introduced. 1998    Amorphous silicon CsI image receptor is demonstrated for digital radio